Scarlet Fever: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection that develops in people who have strep throat. It is associated with rashes on the body, high fever, and sore throat.

It is also known as ‘scarlatina’. It occurs most commonly in children between the age of 5 and 15. It is caused by the same bacteria that causes strep throat.

Scarlet fever is also known as ‘scarlatina’. It was once considered a threatening health issue but with the advancement of the medical field, treatments are now available.

Antibiotics are administered to treat it and reduce the symptoms. If not treated on time, it can cause damage to organs.

Symptoms of Scarlet Fever

Signs and symptoms of scarlet fever include-

  • Red rashes on face, neck, trunk, arms and legs which give an impression of sunburn. On applying pressure, the skin turns red. They begin to appear 2-4 days after the person starts to feel ill.
  • Skin appears red in the folds of skin surrounding the groin, underarms, elbows and knees. These red creases are called Pastia lines.
  • Skin on fingers, toes and in the groin may peel off.
  • A pale ring appears around the mouth and it is flushed.
  • Tongue also has a white coating in the early stages and becomes red and bumpy- strawberry tongue.
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Fever of about 101° F along with chills
  • abdominal pain
  • swollen tonsils
  • headache

Causes of Scarlet Fever

Scarlet fever is an illness that occurs in people with strep throat.

The same bacteria that causes strep throat, causes scarlet fever.

Group A Streptococci or Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria live in mouth and nasal passages and are responsible for causing rashes and redness by the production of toxins.

Is Scarlet Fever Contagious?

Scarlet fever is definitely contagious.

If you happen to come in contact with droplets from an ill person through coughing, sneezing, saliva or even nasal secretion, you will catch the infection on touching your mouth, nose or eyes.,

Incubation period between the exposure and illness is about 2-4 days.

Touching a rash caused by the toxins released from the bacteria does not communicate the infection because bacterial toxin causes it and not the bacteria.

Sharing utensils with a person who is afflicted with the infection can result in spread of the illness.

Group A strep also contaminates food, so, sharing of food, especially milk, with a patient of scarlet fever can cause it as well.

Using towels, clothes or even bed linen with somebody who is infected is another way of spreading disease.

Cellulitis, a skin infection caused by group A strep, can spread the bacteria to other people through contact.

So, in nutshell, it is spread by-

– respiratory droplets in the air

– saliva or nasal secretion

– skin to skin contact

– sharing products

Risk Factors For Scarlet Fever

It is most common in children between 5 and 15 years of age. Being in close contact with others who are infected increases the risk of catching the infection.

Complications Associated With Scarlet Fever

Scarlet fever is associated with symptoms that disappear with the time after you begin the treatment but certain complications are caused by this infection.

Complications result due to the body’s immune response to the infection instead of bacteria.

If left untreated it can lead to damage in other organs of the body. Problems caused by it include-

  • glomerulonephritis (kidney disease)
  • arthritis
  • pneumonia
  • ear, sinus and skin infection
  • swollen lymph nodes in the neck
  • abscess in the throat or tonsils
  • rheumatic fever (can affect heart and nervous system)
  • blood infection

Ear, sinus and skin infections as well as abscess can be treated using antibiotics.

Meningitis, osteomyelitis and toxic shock syndrome are some of the rare complications.

Diagnosing Scarlet Fever

A doctor generally diagnoses the scarlet fever by checking for the signs and symptoms related to it.

They will look for rashes on the skin and examine them.

Redness on the tongue and skin around certain areas is also examined. Doctor checks the health of the throat, tonsils and lymph nodes.

After diagnosing the symptoms, if the doctor suspects that the illness is scarlet fever a throat swab is collected to examine the cells by creating a culture.

Examination is done to check which bacteria caused the infection.

Rapid throat swab test is also done sometimes to get the report faster.

In some cases, the doctor asks for the blood test as well.

Treatment For Scarlet Fever

Certain medicines are recommended for the treatment of scarlet fever. It is primarily treated with antibiotics to kill the bacteria.

Consuming antibiotics also helps the immune system to defend the body against bacteria causing infection. They also help in reducing the symptoms or complications related to ear, nose and throat.

Antibiotics usually involve a 10 day course of penicillin or some other antibiotic if the patient is allergic to it.

24 hours after taking the antibiotics, the patient does not remain contagious but precautions should still be taken to avoid the spread.

To ease the pain and reduce the fever, over-the-counter medications are suggested such as-

  • Acetaminophen
  • Ibuprofen (depending upon age)

Having foods like warm soup and gargling with salt water mix can help reduce the effects of sore throat.

Even consuming ice cream can help cure the pain and swelling. Soft foods and liquid diets can also help.

Aspirin should not be given to the patient when illness is associated with fever to prevent the risk of Reye’s syndrome.

It is a serious condition which causes confusion, swelling of the brain and problems in the liver.

Hydration is also very important for the patient, especially in cases of loss of appetite.

Calamine lotion can be used to treat itching.

There is currently no vaccine for scarlet fever but with the progress of the medical field, it might be created.

Preventing Scarlet Fever

Ways to prevent the transmission of this infection include-

  • maintaining proper hygiene and cleanliness
  • isolation from other people to avoid contact and spread of the disease
  • covering of mouth while coughing or sneezing
  • avoid sharing utensils, clothes, towels or food with the infected person
  • clean your hands and face with soap and water to wash off the infectants

How Do You Confirm Scarlet Fever?

Scarlet fever is usually confirmed through a combination of clinical symptoms and diagnostic tests. Key symptoms to look for include:

  • Red Rash: The hallmark sign of scarlet fever is a red, sandpaper-like rash that typically starts on the chest and spreads to other parts of the body. The rash may feel rough to the touch and can sometimes cause peeling as it heals.
  • Strawberry Tongue: Another classic sign is a “strawberry” appearance of the tongue, where the tongue becomes red and bumpy.
  • Fever: Children with scarlet fever usually have a high fever, often above 101°F (38.3°C).
  • Sore Throat: Scarlet fever often accompanies a sore throat, which may be red and swollen, sometimes with white or yellow patches.
  • Red Lines: The rash may also cause red lines or streaks in the folds of the skin, such as the armpits, elbows, and groin.
  • Flushed Face: A flushed face with a pale area around the mouth is another common sign of scarlet fever.

What to Do If Your Child Has Scarlet Fever?

If you suspect that your child has scarlet fever, it is important to take the following steps:

  1. Consult a Doctor Immediately: If your child shows symptoms of scarlet fever, contact your healthcare provider as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications.
  2. Administer Prescribed Antibiotics: Scarlet fever is caused by the same bacteria that cause strep throat, and it is treated with antibiotics, usually penicillin or amoxicillin. Make sure your child completes the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished.
  3. Manage Symptoms at Home: You can help manage your child’s symptoms with over-the-counter fever reducers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Encourage your child to rest, stay hydrated, and eat soft foods if they have a sore throat.
  4. Prevent the Spread of Infection: Scarlet fever is contagious, so it’s important to keep your child away from school or daycare until they have been on antibiotics for at least 24 hours and are feeling better. Practice good hygiene, including regular handwashing, to prevent the spread of the bacteria to others.

What Can Be Mistaken for Scarlet Fever?

Several conditions can have symptoms similar to scarlet fever, making it important to get a proper diagnosis. These conditions include:

  • Strep Throat: While strep throat and scarlet fever are caused by the same bacteria, strep throat doesn’t always present with a rash, which is a key sign of scarlet fever.
  • Kawasaki Disease: This is a rare but serious illness that primarily affects young children and can cause a red rash, high fever, and strawberry tongue, similar to scarlet fever.
  • Viral Exanthems: These are viral infections that cause a widespread rash, which can sometimes resemble the rash of scarlet fever.
  • Allergic Reactions: Certain allergic reactions to medications or foods can cause a rash and fever that may be mistaken for scarlet fever.

What Tests Confirm Scarlet Fever?

To confirm a diagnosis of scarlet fever, your healthcare provider may perform the following tests:

  1. Throat Culture: A throat swab is taken to check for the presence of Group A Streptococcus bacteria, which causes both strep throat and scarlet fever. The swab is sent to a lab, where the bacteria can be cultured and identified.
  2. Rapid Strep Test: This test also involves a throat swab and can provide results within minutes. If the test is positive, it confirms the presence of strep bacteria.
  3. Blood Tests: In some cases, a blood test may be conducted to check for signs of infection or inflammation.

Who Is the Most Common Victim of Scarlet Fever?

Scarlet fever most commonly affects children between the ages of 5 and 15. While it can occur in adults, it is much rarer.

Children in this age group are more susceptible because their immune systems are still developing, and they are more likely to be in close contact with others in school or daycare settings, which facilitates the spread of the bacteria.

How Long Does Scarlet Fever Temperature Last?

The fever associated with scarlet fever typically lasts 1 to 2 days after starting antibiotics, though it can last up to 5 days in some cases.

If the fever persists longer or returns after subsiding, contact your healthcare provider, as this could indicate complications or the need for further treatment.

Will Scarlet Fever Go Away by Itself?

Scarlet fever may resolve on its own without treatment, but it is not advisable to wait for this to happen. Without antibiotics, the bacteria can cause complications such as rheumatic fever, kidney disease, or abscesses.

Early treatment with antibiotics is crucial to prevent these serious complications and to reduce the contagious period.

Tips for Managing Scarlet Fever

  • Complete the Antibiotic Course: Ensure your child finishes the entire course of antibiotics, even if they start feeling better, to fully eradicate the bacteria and prevent complications.
  • Hydration and Rest: Encourage your child to drink plenty of fluids and get adequate rest to support their recovery.
  • Monitor Symptoms: Keep an eye on your child’s symptoms. If they worsen or new symptoms develop, contact your healthcare provider immediately.
  • Maintain Good Hygiene: Wash hands frequently, avoid sharing personal items, and clean household surfaces regularly to prevent the spread of infection.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Scarlet Fever

1. Is Scarlet Fever Contagious?

Yes, scarlet fever is highly contagious. It spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, as well as through shared objects like utensils or towels.

2. Can Adults Get Scarlet Fever?

While it is more common in children, adults can also get scarlet fever, especially if they have close contact with infected individuals or have a compromised immune system.

3. How Long Should My Child Stay Home From School?

Children with scarlet fever should stay home from school or daycare for at least 24 hours after starting antibiotics and until they are fever-free and feeling better.

4. Can Scarlet Fever Lead to Long-Term Complications?

If untreated, scarlet fever can lead to serious complications such as rheumatic fever, kidney disease (glomerulonephritis), or ear infections. However, with prompt treatment, most children recover fully without long-term effects.

5. How Can I Prevent My Child From Getting Scarlet Fever?

To prevent scarlet fever, teach your child good hygiene practices, such as regular handwashing and avoiding close contact with sick individuals. If someone in your household is diagnosed with strep throat or scarlet fever, ensure they complete their antibiotic treatment to reduce the risk of spreading the infection.

Conclusion

Scarlet fever is caused in children between 5 to 15 years of age with strep throat. It is caused by Streptococcus bacteria.

There are various signs and symptoms related to scarlet fever. Rashes on the body along with redness and sore throat. Fever is also caused.

It is diagnosed by a doctor using symptoms. Throat swab is taken to be examined under a microscope to determine the bacteria that caused infection.

Treatment is done by giving antibiotics. It takes about 4-5 days to completely recover. Patient does not remain contagious 24 hours after intake of antibiotics.

Symptoms can be cured using medicines. Over-the-counter medication is used for pain and fever.

Diet can be used to calm the pain and swelling. Drinking water from time to time is also very important.

Complications are caused if it is left untreated. They include some serious health issues such as rheumatic fever or throat abscess.

Prevention should be the priority by maintaining cleanliness and hygiene. You should wash hands and face frequently and avoid contact with the infected person.

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